Basic Animal Husbandry statistics show milk output per crossbred cow in Tamil Nadu has stayed near 7.1 kg a day from 2018 to 2025, edging from 7.03 kg (2023–24) to 7.84 kg (2024–25), mainly because of feed and fodder shortages. Fodder area fell from 48,000 ha (2018–19) to 35,000 ha (2025). Karnataka expanded fodder area from 71,000 to 90,000 ha, gets about 10.71 kg per crossbred cow and pays a ₹5 (now ₹7) per litre subsidy against Tamil Nadu's ₹3. Aavin procures 30–35 lakh litres daily against a processing capacity of about 50 lakh litres.