A study by Kearney titled Tamil Nadu's Fiscal Crossroads has proposed steps to strengthen the State's finances. It estimates that improved revenue collection and more efficient spending could yield over ₹1.2 lakh crore every year without fresh taxes or extra borrowing. The State currently has a revenue deficit of ₹78,324 crore, outstanding debt above ₹10 lakh crore and an own-tax-to-GSDP ratio of 5.45%. The study points to better GST compliance, property valuation, mining revenue, grants, procurement and capital-project execution, and sees scope for more competitive procurement and public-private partnership (PPP) infrastructure projects.