India and MERCOSUR signed the First Additional Protocol to the India–MERCOSUR Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) to enable electronic Certificates of Origin, promoting paperless trade and cutting the time and cost of issuing and verifying them. The PTA, signed on 25 January 2004 and in force since 1 June 2009, gives tariff concessions on 450 lines by India and 452 by MERCOSUR. Founded in 1991, MERCOSUR's full members are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay; Venezuela has been suspended since 1 December 2016. Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Peru and Suriname are associates.